Ascites

 Definition Ascites with umbilical hernia.Ascites is the accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity, most commonly caused by liver cirrhosis.Physical finding and Clinical presentationImportant information to elicit within historyViral hepatitisAlcoholismIncreasing abdominal girth, umbilical hernia Increasing lower extremity edemaIntravenous drug useSexual history (i.e., men who have sex with men)History of transfusionsImportant...

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Proteins

Proteins are created from linear polymers of amino acids linked to each other via peptide bonds.Oligopeptides: small peptide polymers containing between 2 and 50 amino acidsPolypeptides: large peptide polymers containing more than 50 amino acidsAlthough 20 amino acids are used to construct proteins, 10 of them are considered essential (including arginine, which is essential in growing children), because they cannot be synthesized de novo...

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Lipids

LipidsIngested lipids consist of a heterogeneous mixture of hydrophobic particles that includes the following: Fatty acids: These monocarboxylic acids, which contain hydrocarbon chains, are either saturated (zero double bonds), monounsaturated (one double bond), or polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds).Triacylglycerols: These lipids are composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. They are stored in adipose...

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the most plentiful energy source in the human diet and are available in the following forms:Monosaccharides: These simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose, are found in fruits and honey.Disaccharides: These carbohydrates, such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose, are composed of two monosaccharide units linked via a glycosidic bond. Sucrose is found in table sugar and fruits, lactose is found in milk, and maltose...

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